Wirdle solutions week 4
W'ir blyde tae announce dat, as o daday, da Shaetlan Wirdle is haed 9800 players fae 83 countries. Here's da solutions fir dis week! Scroll fir ee wird at a time tae git da richt answer, it's meaneen, an da history o da wird. Last you'll fin da main references at we øse fir da etymologies, an da latest map o players. You’ll fin da principles o wir spelleen system at Spellin in Shaetlan.
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Hit's important tae mind at "Aald English" wis nivver a monolithic language, reider hit's a cover term fir fower distinct Nort Sea Germanic varieties. Da direct ancestor tae Scots wis Northumbrian Aald English. Da direct ancestor tae English wis Mercian Old English. But maist o whit data is left comes fae Wast Saxon Aald English. Wharivver possible w'ir gien da Northumbrian Aald English forms, seein as da main ancestors tae Shaetlan is Norn an Scots (no English), wi a lok o Dutch/Low German influence.
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Wir tanks agein tae Julie fir tinkin up da idee, an tae Andrew fir makkin it possible! 🤗
naems ‘names’ plural of naem ‘name’
History: this is a very old word. Old Scots has naem(e) ‘name’ which comes from Old English nama, noma, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic *namô ‘name’. The Proto-Indo-European reconstruction is debated, because of how the word looks in Hittite (lāman), Armenian (anun), Greek (ὄνομα [ónoma]), and Tocharian (ñom/ñem), but most sources favour *(h₁)nómn̥/*h₃néh₃mn̥ ‘name’.
efter ‘after’
History: dis is a aald wird. Aald Scoys haes efter, eftir (attestit fae 1375) fae Aald English (a)æft(a)er(r) ‘efter, accordin tae’. Da Proto-Germanic form *after, *aftiri ‘efter, ahint’ comes fae Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó ‘awa, aff’ + *-teros ‘contrastive adjective suffix’.
lents ‘lengths’ plural o lent ‘length’
History: dis wird wis derived in Proto-Germanic times. Aald Scots haes lent(h), laint(h), etc fae Aald English lęngðu ‘lent’, at in turn is fae Proto-Germanic *lanʒiþō ‘lent’. Dis wird is a derivation o *lanʒaz ‘lang’ (fae Proto-Indo-European *dlongʰos ‘lang’) + da nominalisin suffix *-iþō (fae Proto-Indo-European *-iteh₂ *-teh₂, at haed da sam function). Fir mair aboot da “th”-soonds in Shaetlan, see wir posst fae 23 October 2021.
sarks ‘shirts’ plural o sark ‘shirt’
History: dis is a aald common Germanic wird. Aald Scots sark, serk (attestit fae ca 1400) comes fae Aald English s(i)ęrc(e), syrce ‘sark; undergarment’, at is inherited fae Proto-West-Germanic *sarki ‘sark’. Da Proto-Germanic *sarkiz ‘sark; cott maed wi mail’ is da common ancestor fir baith da Aald English wird an da Aald Norse serkr ‘sark, undergarment’. Gyaan ferder da etymology o da Germanic wird we dunna ken fir certain, bit some suggests at it gings back tae da Proto-Indo-European *ser ‘tae bind, wup (taegidder); a treed’.
shaad ‘showed’ past tense o shaa ‘show’
History: da Aald English sceauia, sceowia, scawian still haed da oreeginal meaneen o ‘tae see, watch; tak a skoit at’ fae Proto-Germanic *skawwōną/*skawòjanan ‘to see, watch, observe’, at in turn cam fae Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- ‘to perceive, observe’. Somewye athin laet Aald English or airly Middle English da meaneen startit tae shift tae ‘tae caase tae be seen’. De’r nae evidence fir dis development afore 1150. Dis meaneen is unique fir da descendants o da Aald English varieties and isna fun athin ony idder Germanic languages.
toarn ‘torn’ past participle o tear ‘tear’
History: Aald Scots tere, teir, tair, etc comes fae Aald English teran ‘tae tear’ at’s inherited fae Proto-Germanic *teraną ‘tae tear; pinch, pu (aff fae); haive’. Dis in turn comes fae Proto-Indo-European *der- ‘tae spleet, separate; tae tear, crack, brak intae shall milleens’. The Shaetlan past participle form, pronounced /tɔɐrn/ is kept a hadd o da bisyllabic wye at da oreeginal toren wis.
clipe ‘tae tell tales aboot someeen, inform firnenst someen, denounce, report’ (homophonous wi clipe ‘slap’)
History: the Aald Scots clep(e) (attestit ca 1400) an cleip (1513) ‘tae naem, address, accuse, denounce’, as weel as clip, clyp (attested from ca 1500) ‘tae caa or naem’ comes fae da Aald English clipian, cleopian ‘tae yall, caa (apün), appeal tae; naem’, at in turn comes fae Proto-Germanic *klipôjan ‘tae ring, soond’. Whaar dis wird derives fae isna clear, but it micht’ll a been scoarnin da soond.
References:
Bokmålsordboka. 2022. Språkrådet og Universitetet i Bergen. Available at http://ordbøkene.no.
Christie-Johnston, Alastair & Adaline Christie-Johnston. 2014. Shetland words. A dictionary of the Shetland dialect. Lerwick: The Shetland Times.
de Vaan, Michiel. 2008. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages. Leiden, Boston: Brill
de Vries, Jan. 1977. Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Leiden: Brill.
DSL Online. 2002. Glasgow: The University of Glasgow. Available at https://dsl.ac.uk/.
Heggestad, Leiv, Finn Hødnebø & Erik Simensen. 1993. Norrøn ordbok. 4th edn of Gamalnorsk ordbok. Oslo: Det norske samlaget.
Hellquist, Elof. 1993. Svensk etymologisk ordbok. 3rd edn. 2 Vols. Malmö: Gleerups.
Jakobsen, Jakob. 1985 [1928]. An etymological dictionary of the Norn language in Shetland. Lerwick: The Shetland Times.
Kroonen, Guus. 2013. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden: Brill.
Lehmann, Winfred P. 1986. A Gothic etymological dictionary. Leiden: Brill.
Macbain, Alexander. 1911. An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language. Stirling: Eneas Mackay.
Marwick, Hugh. 1929. The Orkney Norn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Matasović, Ranko. 2009. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden: Brill.
Nielsen, Niels Åge. 1995. Dansk etymologisk ordbog. Ordenes historie. 4th edn. København: Gyldendal.
Nynorskordboka. 2022. Språkrådet og Universitetet i Bergen. Available at http://ordbøkene.no.
OED Online. 2021. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at https://www-oed-com.ezproxy.uni-giessen.de.
Orel, Vladimir. 2003. A handbook of Germanic etymology. Leiden: Brill.
Pfeifer, Wolfgang (ed.). 1997. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.
Pokorny, Julius. 1994. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 3rd edn. 2 Vols. Tübingen: Francke Verlag.
Torp, Alf. 1919. Nynorsk etymologisk ordbok. Kristiania: Forlaget H. Aschehoug & Co.
Zoëga, Geir T. 1896. English-Icelandic dictionary. Reykjavík: Sigurður Kristjánsson.
Zoëga, Geir T. 1922. Icelandic-English dictionary. 2nd edn, enlarged. Reykjavík: Sigurður Kristjánsson.
